Ответ 1
python2.7 +
>>> from collections import Counter
>>> L=['a','b','a','b']
>>> print(Counter(L))
Counter({'a': 2, 'b': 2})
>>> print(Counter(L).items())
dict_items([('a', 2), ('b', 2)])
python2.5/2.6
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> L=['a','b','a','b']
>>> d=defaultdict(int)
>>> for item in L:
>>> d[item]+=1
>>>
>>> print d
defaultdict(<type 'int'>, {'a': 2, 'b': 2})
>>> print d.items()
[('a', 2), ('b', 2)]